IRAN: ANATOMY OF A VULNERABILITY BETWEEN OROGRAPHY AND WARFARE TACTICS The recent Israeli strike deep within Iranian territory was not only a significant strategic success but also a memorable blow to a defense system previously assumed to be less vulnerable. For several hours, Iranian command chains were in total disarray, and radar systems failed to provide support. To grasp how this became possible, it is essential to examine the relationship between two elements: the country’s physical geography and its radar coverage. Iran is a vast country, characterized by a complex orographic structure filled with deserts, plateaus, and mountain ranges. While this morphology is useful for camouflaging and protecting military installations (and for keeping civilians at a safe distance), it is a nightmare for radar systems, as it creates "orographic shadows"—areas of terrain that are obscured from radar line-of-sight. A ground-based radar, even when placed on elevated terrain, has a lim...